Ultimately the most important device is the management of the white space in the layouts. It is the white space that makes the layout sing. Bad layouts have no space left for breathing - every little space covered by a cacophony of type-sizes, images, and screaming titles.
“Design is the intentional solution to a problem within a set of constraints.” – Mike Monteiro
Design reserach is about observing the problem from all points of views, without a solution in mind.
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Layout on the web has been fundamentally changed since CSS variables and CSS grid gained good enough browser support. But graphic and UX design tools and designer training and sometimes thinking is stuck in time of flow or responsive layou